Introdução: Gliomas são os tumores primários mais comuns do sistema nervoso central e a maioria é formada por glioblastomas, com graus elevados de proliferação e invasão, com heterogeneidade biológica e pouca resposta aos tratamentos atuais. Imunoterapia e geneterapia não têm mostrado eficácia e, por isso, é necessário buscar conhecimento de novas moléculas e genes envolvidos na sua carcinogênese. Objetivos: Avaliar se o receptor do ácido gama-aminobutírico alfa 5 (GABRA5) é potencial alvo terapêutico ou biomarcador para gliomas de diferentes subgrupos, e a correlação entre os níveis de ácido ribonucleico mensageiro (mRNA) de GABRA5 com a sobrevida global. Métodos: Revisão integrativa feita em plataformas virtuais, em português e inglês, realizada por descritores relacionados ao tema, descritos no DeCS como “glioma, sistema nervoso central, glioblastoma” com busca AND ou OR, considerando-se inicialmente o título e/ou resumo. Após, naqueles que tinham maior relação ao tema, foi realizada a leitura na íntegra dos textos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 36 artigos. Conclusão: Os níveis de mRNA de GABRA5 em amostras de gliomas de todos os subgrupos histológicos são menores, em comparação ao controle. Não foi observada correlação entre os níveis de mRNA de GABRA5 com a sobrevida global dos subgrupos avaliados.

Introduction: Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. The majority are formed by glioblastomas, with high degrees of proliferation and invasion, with biological heterogeneity and little response to current treatments. Immunotherapy and genetherapy have not shown efficacy and, therefore, it is necessary to seek knowledge of new molecules and genes involved in their carcinogenesis. Objectives: To evaluate whether the alpha 5 gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABRA5) is a potential therapeutic target or biomarker for gliomas of different subgroups, and the correlation between GABRA5 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels and overall survival. Methods: Integrative review carried out on virtual platforms in Portuguese and English, carried out using descriptors related to the topic, described in DeCS as “glioma, central nervous system, glioblastoma, GABA, GABRA5” with AND or OR search, initially considering the title and/or summary. Afterwards, in those that were most related to the topic, the texts were read in full. Results: 36 articles were included. Conclusion: GABRA5 mRNA levels in glioma samples from all histological subgroups are lower compared to control. No correlation was observed between GABRA5 mRNA levels and overall survival in the evaluated subgroups.

ABSTRACT Atmospheric pollution affects the state of the environment in megacities, which is why this descriptive observational study was carried out in 2015-2017 in Centro Habana and Cerro, using as results of the INHEM air monitoring station the pollutants SO2, NO2 and PM10. Objectives: To describe air pollution in areas of the Centro Habana and Cerro municipalities for the pollutants mentioned. Methodology: A descriptive observational study of the pollutants was carried out, including values of central tendency, percentage of transgression of maximum admissible concentrations (MAC), maximum values and percentiles 90, 95 and 99 and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient for the Hypothesis significance test. H0. A multiple linear regression model was used together with the meteorological variables. Results: The percentiles show the year 2015 as the highest recorded air pollution, with the highest presence of PM10, NO2 and SO2, the latter once again exceeding the CMA at the 99th percentile in 2017. Conclusions: In 2015 the highest atmospheric pollution was reached, with PM10 being the largest contributor to air deterioration. The daily figures of these pollutants were correlated with the meteorological variables studied. Recommendations: Incorporate meteorological measurements at the INHEM station to find out their influence on the pollutants to be evaluated.

RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica incide en el estado del medio ambiente de las megaciudades, de ahí que se haya realizado este estudio observacional descriptivo en 2015-2017 en Centro Habana y Cerro, utilizando como resultados de la estación de monitoreo del aire del INHEM los contaminantes SO2, NO2 y material particulado menor de 10 micras (PM10). Objetivos: Describir la contaminación atmosférica en zonas de los municipios Centro Habana y Cerro para los contaminantes citados. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de los contaminantes incluyendo valores de tendencia central, porcentaje de transgresión de concentraciones máximas admisibles (CMA), valores máximos y percentiles 90, 95 y 99 y Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman para la prueba de significación de Hipótesis H0. Se utilizó modelo de regresión lineal múltiple junto a las variables meteorológicas. Resultados: Los percentiles muestran al año 2015, como el de mayor contaminación atmosférica registrada, con mayor presencia de PM10, NO2 y SO2, este último vuelve a superar la CMA en el percentil 99 en el año 2017. Conclusiones: En 2015 se alcanzó la mayor contaminación atmosférica, siendo el PM10 el mayor contribuyente al deterioro del aire. Las cifras diarias de estos contaminantes se correlacionaron con las variables meteorológicas estudiadas. Recomendaciones: Incorporar mediciones meteorológicas en la estación del INHEM para conocer su influencia sobre los contaminantes a evaluar.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O interesse na utilização da maconha (Cannabis sativa) com fins medicinais aumentou de forma exponencial nas últimas décadas e a planta e seus derivados vêm se tornando mais frequentemente encontrados nas prescrições médicas de pacientes com dor crônica. Todos os fármacos prescritos e substâncias ilícitas têm efeitos adversos, mesmo aquelas provenientes de plantas, frutas e flores, como já ficou bem estabelecido com o uso do tabaco, álcool e ópio. A maconha não é exceção. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar e sintetizar as evidências relacionadas aos efeitos adversos promovidos pelos canabinoides derivados da planta, e às implicações sobre a segurança do uso destas substâncias em pacientes com dor. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa baseada em artigos publicados em revistas científicas indexadas no Pubmed e Scielo, entre os anos de 2000 e 2022. CONCLUSÃO: As evidências ainda são contraditórias e frágeis em relação a muitos aspectos dos efeitos adversos e claramente há a necessidade de mais pesquisas e avanços para uma elucidação mais detalhada destes efeitos tanto para o uso não medicinal quanto médico de cannabis. É fundamental uma triagem e monitoramento desse uso, identificando situações de vulnerabilidade a doenças mentais e dependência, com cuidadosa vigilância de efeitos adversos.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Interest in the use of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) for medicinal purposes has increased exponentially in recent decades, and the plant and its derivatives are becoming more frequently found in prescriptions for patients with chronic pain. All prescription drugs and illicit substances have adverse effects, even those from plants, fruits, and flowers, as has been well established with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and opium. Marijuana is no exception. The purpose of this study was to review and synthesize the evidence related to the adverse effects promoted by plant-derived cannabinoids, and the implications for the safety of using these substances in pain patients. CONTENTS: A narrative review was conducted based on articles published in scientific journals indexed in Pubmed and Scielo between the years 2000 and 2022. CONCLUSION: The evidence is still contradictory and weak on many aspects of adverse effects and clearly there is a need for further research and advances towards a more detailed elucidation of these effects for both non-medical and medical cannabis use. Screening and monitoring of such use, identifying situations of vulnerability to mental illness and dependence, with careful surveillance for adverse effects, is critical.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A evidência científica tem ressaltado um papel da ativação das células da glia e de sua interação com diversos sistemas neurais, com destaque para o sistema endocanabinoide e mecanismos envolvidos na cronificação e manutenção da dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi atualizar os dados publicados que mostrem a interação entre as células da glia com o sistema endocanabinoide na fisiopatologia da dor crônica e seu tratamento. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa baseada em pesquisa na base de dados Medline, com uso dos unitermos “endocannabinoid”, “glial cells”, “microglial”, “astrocytes”, “neuroinflammation”. CONCLUSÃO: O aprofundamento do conhecimento acerca da função das células da glia no sistema endocanabinoide abrirá a possibilidade de atuação sobre a origem fisiopatológica do processo de cronificação de dor, atenuando os mecanismos envolvidos na sensibilização central.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence has highlighted a role of glial cell activation, and their interaction with different neural systems, especially the endocannabinoid system, in the mechanisms involved in the chronicity and maintenance of pain. The aim of this review is to bring an update on published data that demonstrate the interaction between glial cells and the endocannabinoid system in the pathophysiology of chronic pain and its treatment. CONTENTS: A narrative review was performed based on a research in the Medline database, using the Keywords “endocannabinoid”, “glial cells”, “microglial”, “astrocytes”, “neuroinflammation”. CONCLUSION: Deepening the knowledge about the function of glial cells in the endocannabinoid system will open the possibility of acting on the pathophysiological origin of the pain chronification process, attenuating the mechanisms involved in central sensitization.

Resumen Los efectores son moléculas pequeñas, mayormente proteínas, producidas por los microorganismos que las utilizan para interaccionar con sus hospederos. En el caso de los hospederos vegetales, los efectores suprimen la inmunidad vegetal interfiriendo en la percepción del microorganismo, la señalización y la biosíntesis de fitorreguladores, entre otros procesos. En los últimos años ha crecido el interés de los efectores en la fitopatología debido a su contribución en la virulencia de los fitopatógenos y, por ende, en el impacto de éstos en la producción agrícola. Sin embargo, los efectores son complejos. Por un lado, estas moléculas son secretadas para el beneficio del fitopatógeno y suelen desencadenar susceptibilidad a la enfermedad. Sin embargo, las plantas han desarrollado receptores que reconocen a algunos efectores y este reconocimiento desencadena resistencia a la enfermedad. Es decir, algunos efectores resultan en salud vegetal, mientras otros determinan el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Esta revisión se enfoca en los efectores de los fitopatógenos y sus funciones, así como los mecanismos que muchos usan para vencer la inmunidad innata vegetal, por lo que son actores claves en la fitopatología. Por último, se describen los potenciales usos de los efectores en el sector agrícola y los retos asociados con su aplicación.

Abstract Effectors are small molecules, mostly proteins, produced by microorganisms that use them to interact with their hosts. Regarding plant hosts, effectors suppress plant immunity by interfering with microorganism perception, signaling, and biosynthesis of phytoregulators, among other processes. In recent years, interest in effectors in phytopathology has grown due to their contribution to phytopathogen virulence and, by extension, their impact on agricultural production. However, effector molecules are complex. On one hand, these molecules are secreted for the benefit of the phytopathogen and often trigger disease susceptibility. However, plants have evolved receptors that recognize some effectors, and this recognition can trigger disease resistance. Essentially, some effectors safeguard plant health, while others promote disease development. This review focuses on the effectors of phytopathogens and their functions, as well as the mechanisms that many of them use to overcome plant innate immunity, making them key players in phytopathology. Finally, the potential uses of effectors in the agricultural sector and the challenges associated with their application are described.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the acidic soil physical and chemical alteration associated to vinasse application under laboratory conditions. The experiment was distributed in a factorial scheme (5 × 3), in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The beneficial effects of five vinasse doses (without vinasse [0, only water], 50, 100, 150, and 200 m3/ha) in enhancing the physical and chemical properties of three acidic soils: Oxisol (SO), Ultisol (SU), and Argisol (SA) were studied after 30 days of incubation. Soil samples were collected in the 0-20 cm depth layer to determine physical and chemical properties such as pH (CaCl2), total acidity (AT), exchangeable acidity (Al3+), base cations (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), sums of bases (SB), cations exchange capacity (CIC), base saturation index (V%), and saturation of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and aluminum (Al). Results indicated that vinasse application enhanced the physical and chemical properties of the studied soils, since pH, base cations, SB, CIC, V%, and saturation of K, Ca, and Mg were increased, while AT, Al3+, and Al saturation were decreased. The most important effects in the improvement of physical and chemical properties of acidic soils were observed with a dose of 200 m3/ha of vinasse. The findings of this study suggest that vinasse could be a low-cost effective strategy as an alternative source for balancing soil acidity and would be an appropriate option for minimizing environmental pollution.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las alteraciones físicas y químicas de los suelos ácidos asociadas a la aplicación de vinaza en condiciones de laboratorio. Los efectos beneficiosos de cinco dosis de vinaza (sin vinaza [0, solamente agua], 50, 100, 150 y 200 m3/ha), fueron estudiadas en el mejoramiento de las propiedades físicas y químicas de tres suelos ácidos: Oxisol (SO), Ultisol (SU) y Argisol (SA), después de 30 días de incubación. Las muestras de suelos fueron recolectadas en la capa de 0-20 cm de profundidad para la determinación de propiedades físicas y químicas como pH (CaCl2), acidez total (AT), acidez intercambiable (Al3+), cationes bases (K+, Ca2+ y Mg2+), suma de bases (SB), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), índice de saturación de las bases (V%), y saturación de potasio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg) y aluminio (Al). Los resultados indicaron que la aplicación de vinaza mejoró las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos estudiados, porque se incrementaron tanto el pH como los cationes bases, la SB, la CIC, el V% y la saturación de K, Ca y Mg, y disminuyeron la AT, Al3+ y saturación de Al. Además, los efectos más importantes en el mejoramiento de las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos ácidos se observaron en la dosis de 200 m3/ha de vinaza. Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren que la vinaza podría ser una estrategia efectiva de bajo costo como fuente alternativa para balancear la acidez del suelo y constituiría una opción apropiada para disminuir la contaminación ambiental.

ABSTRACT The agro-ecological zone model (AZM-FAO) is used to describe agricultural scenarios and the impact of climate risk on crops and, when adapted, can be used to simulate the yield of forage species under adverse conditions. The study aimed to test the performance of the AZM-FAO model to simulate the yield of Urochloa humidicola grass in Mato Grosso. The model was adapted for two locations with different soil and climate conditions, with data from two experiments (E1 and E2). The morphophysiological variables of the pastures, the physical-hydric variables of the soil, and the meteorological data of the experimental period were analyzed. The model calibration was based on changes in the yield response coefficient to water (Ky) and the minimization of deviations between simulated and observed data. The model presented a satisfactory performance for the two analyzed locations. In experiment E1, the RMSE was 29.86% (acceptable), and the c index was 0.86 (optimal) in the calibration phase, maintaining the same results in the validation. In E2, there was an improvement in the performance of the model, with RMSE and c index going from 30.74% (poor) and 0.84 (very good) in the calibration to 17.50% (good) and 0.92 (very good) in the validation step, respectively. The AZM-FAO model adapted for Urochloa humidicola grass can be used with good accuracy to simulate the forage yield of this forage in the southern region of Mato Grosso.

RESUMO O modelo da zona agroecológica (MZA-FAO) é utilizado para descrever cenários agrícolas e o impacto do risco climático sobre as culturas e, quando adaptado, pode ser utilizado para simular o rendimento de espécies forrageiras em condições adversas. Objetivou-se testar o desempenho do modelo MZA-FAO para simular o rendimento do capim Urochloa humidicola no Mato Grosso. O modelo foi adaptado para duas localidades que apresentam condições edafoclimáticas distintas, com dados de dois experimentos (E1 e E2). Foram analisadas as variáveis morfofisiológicas das pastagens, físico-hídricas do solo e dados meteorológicos do período experimental. A calibração do modelo baseou-se nas alterações do coeficiente de sensibilidade da cultura ao déficit hídrico (Ky) e na minimização dos desvios entre dados simulados e observados. O modelo apresentou desempenho satisfatório para as duas regiões analisadas. No experimento E1, o RMSE foi de 29,86% (aceitável) e o índice c de 0,86 (ótimo) na fase de calibração, mantendo os mesmos resultados na validação. No E2, houve uma melhoria no desempenho do modelo, com RMSE e índice c passando de 30,74% (pobre) e 0,84 (muito bom) na calibração, para 17,50% (boa) e 0,92 (ótimo) na etapa de validação, respectivamente. O modelo MZA-FAO adaptado para o capim Urochloa humidicola, pode ser utilizado com boa precisão para simular o rendimento de forragem dessa forrageira na região sul de Mato Grosso.

Abstract Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of industrial drying and the quality of soybean grains using a direct-fire furnace automatically fed by wood chips. To represent the grains before drying, four samples were collected together with the sampling of the loads in the trucks carried out to classify the product in the storage unit. At drying, performance evaluations and specific energy consumption were carried out. The grains were evaluated for moisture content, germination, electrical conductivity, apparent specific mass, color, acidity index, and PAHs. Drying showed an average efficiency of 75.50%. The average chip consumption was 0.4403 kg of chip/kg of evaporated water. The specific energy consumption was 8,099.50 kJ/kg of evaporated water. The grains showed differences after drying in the characteristics of germination, electrical conductivity, and chroma. Six PAHs were detected in the samples before drying: (B(a)A, Chr, 5 MC, B(j)F, Dib(ai)P, and IcdP). After drying, in addition to the PAHs obtained before drying, five more were detected (B(b)F, B(k)F, B(a)P, Dib(al)P, and Dib(ah)A). Mean PAH concentrations were higher than the maximum values allowed by European Union legislation.

ABSTRACT Depending on the purpose of its cultivation, pigeon pea can be grown under different spacings and cuts, since it quickly resprouts. This study aimed to assess the pigeon pea growth, forage production and quality, considering two spacings and one cut. A field experiment using a completely randomized design, with three treatments [1.0 × 0.2 m spacing (between rows and plants, respectively), without cuts; 0.5 × 0.1 m, without cuts; and 0.5 × 0.1 m, with cut at 90 days after emergence (DAE)], was carried out. The spacings did not affect the plant height. The 0.5 × 0.1 m spacing showed an individual plant growth worse, but a forage yield (kg ha-1) higher than the 1.0 × 0.2 m treatment, from 120 to 180 DAE. The 0.5 × 0.1 m spacing was more advantageous than the 1.0 × 0.2 m, with the highest forage yield obtained by harvesting at 150 DAE. It is better to harvest the forage at 90 DAE and harvest it again at 180 DAE than maintaining a continuous plant growth and harvest it at 180 DAE. In each sampling date, there was no difference for stem and leaf crude protein and starch content as a function of the treatments. The forage harvested from 90 to 180 DAE showed similar crude protein and starch contents. So, for this period, the forage quality is not a limiting factor for establishing the harvest time.

RESUMO Dependendo da finalidade, o guandu pode ser cultivado sob diferentes espaçamentos e cortes, pois rebrota rapidamente. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, produção e qualidade de forragem de guandu, considerando-se dois espaçamentos e um corte. Um experimento de campo foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos [espaçamento de 1,0 × 0,2 m (entre linhas e plantas, respectivamente), sem corte; 0,5 × 0,1 m, sem corte; e 0,5 × 0,1 m, com plantas cortadas aos 90 dias após a emergência (DAE)] e sete repetições. Os espaçamentos não influenciaram na altura das plantas. O espaçamento de 0,5 × 0,1 m apresentou pior crescimento individual das plantas, mas maior produtividade de forragem (kg ha-1) do que o espaçamento de 1,0 × 0,2 m, dos 120 aos 180 DAE. O espaçamento de 0,5 x 0,1 m foi mais vantajoso que o de 1,0 x 0,2 m, sendo a maior produtividade de forragem obtida na colheita aos 150 DAE. É melhor colher a forragem aos 90 DAE e colher novamente aos 180 DAE do que manter o crescimento contínuo das plantas e colher somente aos 180 DAE. Em cada época de amostragem, não houve diferença nos teores de proteína bruta e amido do caule e folha em função dos tratamentos. A forragem colhida dos 90 aos 180 DAE apresentou teores de proteína bruta e amido semelhantes. Assim, nesse período, a qualidade da forragem não é um fator limitante para definir o momento da colheita.

ABSTRACT Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a crop of paramount importance for Brazil, used in human and animal food. Considering the reduced number of studies on the influence of using a densimetric table in seed processing and its respective reprocessing to the equipment, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of processed sorghum seeds reprocessed in a densimetric table and stored for three months. The treatments consisted of four collection points in the terminal part of the densimetric table, representing the processing material: upper part (P1), upper middle part (P2), middle part (P3), and lower part (D). Subsequently, the samples that were reprocessed in the table came from P3 and were divided into the upper part, which was followed to bagging (P3R1), and the lower part (P3R2), which followed for disposal, totaling six treatments. Storage was performed in a refrigerated environment, using a completely randomized design, with the means being compared by Tukey’s test at 5%. We concluded that the reprocessing of sorghum seeds in the densimetric table can improve the physical quality of a lot due to its standardization at the end of the stages, contributing to the improvement of the physiological quality and use of the material that would be discarded. The equipment performance allows the removal of seed fractions with lower apparent specific mass and promotes positive stratifications in the physiological quality of sorghum seed lots.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Interest in the use of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) for medicinal purposes has increased exponentially in recent decades, and the plant and its derivatives are becoming more frequently found in prescriptions for patients with chronic pain. All prescription drugs and illicit substances have adverse effects, even those from plants, fruits, and flowers, as has been well established with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and opium. Marijuana is no exception. The purpose of this study was to review and synthesize the evidence related to the adverse effects promoted by plant-derived cannabinoids, and the implications for the safety of using these substances in pain patients. CONTENTS: A narrative review was conducted based on articles published in scientific journals indexed in Pubmed and Scielo between the years 2000 and 2022. CONCLUSION: The evidence is still contradictory and weak on many aspects of adverse effects and clearly there is a need for further research and advances towards a more detailed elucidation of these effects for both non-medical and medical cannabis use. Screening and monitoring of such use, identifying situations of vulnerability to mental illness and dependence, with careful surveillance for adverse effects, is critical.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O interesse na utilização da maconha (Cannabis sativa) com fins medicinais aumentou de forma exponencial nas últimas décadas e a planta e seus derivados vêm se tornando mais frequentemente encontrados nas prescrições médicas de pacientes com dor crônica. Todos os fármacos prescritos e substâncias ilícitas têm efeitos adversos, mesmo aquelas provenientes de plantas, frutas e flores, como já ficou bem estabelecido com o uso do tabaco, álcool e ópio. A maconha não é exceção. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar e sintetizar as evidências relacionadas aos efeitos adversos promovidos pelos canabinoides derivados da planta, e às implicações sobre a segurança do uso destas substâncias em pacientes com dor. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa baseada em artigos publicados em revistas científicas indexadas no Pubmed e Scielo, entre os anos de 2000 e 2022. CONCLUSÃO: As evidências ainda são contraditórias e frágeis em relação a muitos aspectos dos efeitos adversos e claramente há a necessidade de mais pesquisas e avanços para uma elucidação mais detalhada destes efeitos tanto para o uso não medicinal quanto médico de cannabis. É fundamental uma triagem e monitoramento desse uso, identificando situações de vulnerabilidade a doenças mentais e dependência, com cuidadosa vigilância de efeitos adversos.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence has highlighted a role of glial cell activation, and their interaction with different neural systems, especially the endocannabinoid system, in the mechanisms involved in the chronicity and maintenance of pain. The aim of this review is to bring an update on published data that demonstrate the interaction between glial cells and the endocannabinoid system in the pathophysiology of chronic pain and its treatment. CONTENTS: A narrative review was performed based on a research in the Medline database, using the Keywords “endocannabinoid”, “glial cells”, “microglial”, “astrocytes”, “neuroinflammation”. CONCLUSION: Deepening the knowledge about the function of glial cells in the endocannabinoid system will open the possibility of acting on the pathophysiological origin of the pain chronification process, attenuating the mechanisms involved in central sensitization.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A evidência científica tem ressaltado um papel da ativação das células da glia e de sua interação com diversos sistemas neurais, com destaque para o sistema endocanabinoide e mecanismos envolvidos na cronificação e manutenção da dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi atualizar os dados publicados que mostrem a interação entre as células da glia com o sistema endocanabinoide na fisiopatologia da dor crônica e seu tratamento. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa baseada em pesquisa na base de dados Medline, com uso dos unitermos “endocannabinoid”, “glial cells”, “microglial”, “astrocytes”, “neuroinflammation”. CONCLUSÃO: O aprofundamento do conhecimento acerca da função das células da glia no sistema endocanabinoide abrirá a possibilidade de atuação sobre a origem fisiopatológica do processo de cronificação de dor, atenuando os mecanismos envolvidos na sensibilização central.

Abstract Coastal zones are of great interest in civil engineering due to their economic relevance and active geological dynamics. In Brazil, the development of these regions is related to the use of their geomorphological features in the landscape, among which the cliffs stand out. Although there are studies that consider the influence of the wetting front in stability analysis with cliffs, in general, the studies only consider extreme saturation situations (dry and saturated). In this sense, the present study aims to understand the influence of the wetting front and the degree of saturation reached by the materials in the stability of cliffs composed of Barreiras Formation soil. The stability analyses were carried out using the limit equilibrium method and stress analysis, varying the degrees of saturation of the materials and wetting fronts of a model of a cliff located at Praia de Tabatinga, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Failures were identified, in different wetting fronts, by the limit equilibrium method from degrees of saturation around 20%, and by the stress analysis method around 40%. Thus, it was concluded that the variation in the degree of saturation has a preponderant effect on the destabilization of a cliff, since partial saturations are already enough to trigger significant mass movements. It was also noticeable that the wetting front is a relevant effect on instability, although conditioned to the degree of saturation reached, which may enhance the order of magnitude of the identified failures.

ABSTRACT An adequate use of brackish water in agricultural production is one of the main challenges for researchers and rural producers, since saline stress may cause physiological and nutritional changes in plants, affecting the crop yield. An appropriate mineral nutrition is essential for plants, grown under saline stress, to express their productive potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral nutrition and hydroponic kale production under saline stress and calcium nitrate. The experiment was carried out using one hydroponic system in substrate, following a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of five nutrient solutions, with a control treatment {S1 = standard nutrient solution using low salinity water, 0.5 dS/m [750 mg/L of Ca(NO3)2]}, and four nutrient solutions prepared using brackish water (6.0 dS/m) containing four concentrations of Ca(NO3)2 (S2 = 750 mg/L, S3 = 1,125 mg/L, S4 = 1,500 mg/L, S5 = 1,875 mg/L). We determined the levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in leaf tissue at three evaluation times (50, 64 and 78 DAT). Mineral levels in the leaves, stem and root were also evaluated at the end of the experiment (100 DAT). In addition, leaf production and the agronomic efficiency of Ca(NO3)2 were verified. The highest leaf production (1780 g/plant) and agronomic efficiency [2.37 g fresh matter/mg of Ca(NO3)2] were obtained in the standard nutrient solution, and both were reduced at 55.6% by salinity. The extra addition of 50% Ca(NO3)2 in the saline nutrient solution reduced the effect of salinity on Mg absorption and the effect of NaCl addition on kale production.

RESUMO O uso de águas salobras na produção agrícola é um dos principais desafios para pesquisadores e produtores rurais, pois sob estresse salino as plantas podem apresentar alterações fisiológicas e nutricionais, que afetam o rendimento das culturas. Com isso, adequada nutrição mineral é fundamental para que as plantas cultivadas sob estresse salino possam expressar seu potencial produtivo. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a nutrição mineral e a produção de couve folha hidropônica sob estresse salino e nitrato de cálcio. O experimento foi desenvolvido utilizando um sistema hidropônico em substrato, seguindo o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por cinco soluções nutritivas, sendo um tratamento controle {S1 = solução nutritiva padrão usando água de baixa salinidade, 0,5 dS/m [750 mg/L de Ca(NO3)2]}, e quatro soluções nutritivas preparadas em águas salobras (6,0 dS/m) contendo quatro concentrações de Ca(NO3)2 (S2 = 750 mg/L, S3 = 1.125 mg/L, S4 = 1.500 mg/L, S5 = 1.875 mg/L). Foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S no tecido foliar em três épocas de avaliações (50, 64 e 78 DAT), além de uma avaliação dos teores minerais nas folhas, caule e raiz ao final do experimento (100 DAT). As variáveis produção de folhas e eficiência agronômica do Ca(NO3)2 foram avaliadas. A maior produção de folhas (1780 g/planta) e eficiência agronômica [2,37 g matéria fresca/mg de Ca(NO3)2] foram obtidas na solução nutritiva padrão, e ambas foram reduzidas em 55,6% pela salinidade. A adição extra de Ca(NO3)2 em 50% na solução nutritiva salinizada reduziu o efeito da salinidade sobre a absorção de Mg e reduziu o efeito da adição de NaCl sobre a produção da couve.

ABSTRACT Difficulties in executive functions and motor performance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been researched. This study aimed to verify the effect of exergames on motor performance and reaction time of a child (6 years old) with ASD. Eight weeks of games with Xbox Kinect were applied, with weekly meetings and duration of 35 to 40 minutes. Motor performance was assessed by the Motor Development Scale (EDM) and reaction time by the Simple Reaction and Choice RT/S1 test, available in the computerized Mental Test and Training System. The data obtained were analyzed according to the JT Method. The results indicated a reliable positive change in the general motor quotient (QMGpre= 87.5/QMGpost= 102.32) with a reliable change index (IMC) of 4.19, in the general motor age (IMGpre= 70/IMGpost= 88; IMC= 4.55) and in the motor areas balance (QMpre= 52.5/QMpost= 104.65; IMC= 2.47) and body schema (IMpre= 60/IMpost= 96; IMC= 2.63) after application of the exergames, but without significant changes in the reaction time scores (TRpre= 361/TRpost= 319; IMC= 1.26). The findings suggest that the use of exergames seems to reflect improvements in motor aspects, but not in reaction time.

RESUMO Dificuldades nas funções executivas e no desempenho motor em crianças com o transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) têm sido alvos de pesquisas. Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar o efeito do exergames no desempenho motor e no tempo de reação de uma criança (6 anos) com TEA. Foram aplicadas oito semanas de jogos com o Xbox Kinect, com encontros semanais e duração de 35 a 40 minutos. O desempenho motor foi avaliado pela Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor (EDM) e o tempo de reação pelo teste Reação Simples e de Escolha RT/S1, disponível no sistema computadorizado Mental Test and Training System. Os dados obtidos foram analisados segundo o Método JT. Os resultados indicaram uma mudança positiva confiável no quociente motor geral (QMGpré= 87.5/QMGpós= 102.32) com um índice de mudança positiva confiável (IMC) de 4.19, na idade motora geral (IMGpré= 70/IMGpós= 88; IMC= 4.55) e nas áreas motoras equilíbrio (QMpré= 52,5/QMpós= 104,65; IMC= 2,47) e esquema corporal (IMpré= 60/IMpós= 96; IMC= 2.63) após aplicação do exergames, entretanto, sem alterações significativas nos escores do tempo de reação (TRpré= 361/TRpós= 319; IMC= 1,26). As descobertas sugerem que o uso do exergames parece refletir em melhorias nos aspectos motores, mas não no tempo de reação.